In Erikson’s late adulthood stage (65+), the developmental conflict is Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Clients reflect on their lives and either develop a sense of closure and satisfaction or experience despair and regret.

In Piaget’s Preoperational stage (ages 2-7), children frequently engage in ‘egocentric speech’ or talking to themselves to guide their play and thoughts. This is a normal part of cognitive development.

The first step in any community organization needs assessment is to gather data and engage stakeholders to understand the scope and parameters of the issue.

Measuring outcomes for a single group before (pretest) and after (posttest) an intervention is a pretest-posttest single-group quasi-experimental design.

Advocating for marginalized and oppressed populations, expanding choices and opportunities, and challenging social injustice are core ethical duties of all social workers.

Generativity vs. Stagnation is the developmental conflict of middle adulthood, focusing on parenting, guiding the next generation, and contributing to society.

Conservation (understanding that physical properties remain constant despite shape changes) is mastered in the Concrete Operational stage (ages 7-11).

Primary data refers to original data collected first-hand for the specific research goal (e.g. interviews/focus groups). Secondary data refers to data collected by others for other purposes (e.g. census data).

Random assignment of participants to a treatment group and a control group is the defining characteristic of a true experimental design.

Social action involves mobilizing communities to build coalitions, challenge power structures, and lobby for policy changes to achieve social justice.

Longitudinal designs track and collect data from the same cohort or group of participants at multiple intervals over time.

The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated or introduced (the intervention/treatment) to measure its effect on the dependent variable (the outcome).

Formative evaluation (or process evaluation) assesses a program during its development and implementation phases to guide improvements.

Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) focuses on identifying, mapping, and mobilizing existing strengths and assets in a community rather than concentrating on deficits.

SOAP notes are a standard clinical documentation format: Subjective (client reports), Objective (measurable observations), Assessment (clinical impressions), Plan (future steps).